ECOWAS, founded in 1975 by 16 West African nations, will mark its 50th anniversary in May 2025. Initially focused on economic cooperation, it soon expanded into political and security roles due to regional instability. In 1993, revised treaties strengthened ECOWAS’s mandate but also led to tensions among members. Recent withdrawals by Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso, who formed the Alliance of Sahel States in 2024, highlight growing dissatisfaction, especially among military regimes accusing ECOWAS of serving elite and foreign interests.

Despite these setbacks, ECOWAS has had notable achievements in conflict mediation, democratic advocacy, and regional integration. Its “soft diplomacy” tools, like the Council of the Wise and special mediators, have helped defuse multiple crises. However, these tools now face their biggest test as military rulers challenge ECOWAS’s relevance and authority.

Moving forward, ECOWAS must reinforce its democratic values, rebuild public trust, and keep diplomatic channels open with breakaway states. Its 50th anniversary offers a crucial moment for introspection and institutional reform to reclaim its legitimacy and relevance in a changing region.

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